![]() ![]() ![]() The legitimacy of an emperor's rule depended on his control of the army and recognition by the Senate an emperor would normally be proclaimed by his troops, or invested with imperial titles by the Senate, or both. Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis ("first citizen"). Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title augustus (and later basileus). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchial head of state of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC). Roman Senate (officially) and/or Roman Military ![]()
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